RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho, rendimento de carcaça e morfometria intestinal de frangos de corte alimentados com níveis crescentes de torta de girassol de 1 a 21 dias de idade recebendo ou não complexo multienzimático. Foram utilizadas 1200 aves da linhagem Cobb 500, as quais foram distribuídas em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2x5, e cinco níveis de inclusão de torta (0, 5, 10, 15, e 20%)às dietas, suplementando ou não com complexo multienzimático (CE). Cada tratamento foi composto por cinco repetições.Os animais foram alimentados com as rações experimentais no período de 1 a 21 dias de idade e de 22 a 42 dias de idade todas as aves receberam a mesma ração a base de milho e farelo de soja. Não houve interação entre o nível de inclusão da torta de girassol e uso do CE. O ganho de peso, o peso final e o consumo de ração apresentaram decréscimos lineares (P<0,05) conforme o aumento dos níveis de inclusão da torta no período de 1 a 21 dias de idade. Aos 42 dias de idade, após o consumo de dietas a base de milho e farelo de soja por todos os animais, no período de 22 a 42 dias, os níveis fornecidos até 21 dias não influenciaram nos resultados de desempenho. Os animais que receberam enzimas na primeira fase apresentaram melhores resultados ao final do experimento (P<0,05). O rendimento de carcaça decresceu, e a gordura abdominal aumentou conforme a inclusão da torta até 21 dias de idade. A adição do CE na dieta melhorou o rendimento de coxa, peito e carcaça. Na morfologia intestinal aos 21 dias, os 3 segmentos do intestino apresentaram ao menos um tipo de alteração, como diminuição na altura de vilos e aumento na profundidade de cripta, conforme o aumento do nível de inclusão da torta de girassol na dieta, afetando o desempenho.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the performance, carcass yield and intestinal morphometry of 1- to 21-day-old broiler chickens fed a diet containing increasing levels of sunflower cake, supplemented with or without an enzyme complex (EC). We used 1200 Cobb 500 birds, which were distributed in a completely randomized design in a 2x5 factorial scheme and five levels of sunflower cake inclusion (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20%) in diets supplemented or not with EC. Each treatment consisted of 5 replicates. Animals were fed the experimental diets from 1 to 21 days of age and from 22 to 42 days all birds received the same feed based on corn and soybean meal. There was no interaction between the level of sunflower cake inclusion and presence of EC. From 1 to 21 days of age, the weight gain, final weight, and feed intake linearly decreased (P<0.05) with increasing sunflower cake inclusion level. At 42 days old, after animals consumed diets based on corn and soybean meal (from 22 to 42 days), the levels provided least 21 days did not influence the performance results. Animals receiving the EC in the first phase showed better results at the end of the experiment (P<0.05). Up to 21 days old, carcass yield decreased, and abdominal fat increased with the sunflower cake inclusion. The addition of EC in the diet improved the thigh, breast and carcass yield. Intestinal morphology after 21 days revealed that the three segments of the intestine had at least one type of change, such as a decrease in villus height and increase in crypt depth, with increased level of sunflower cake in the diet, affecting performance.

The objective of this trial was to evaluate the bioavailability of DL-2-hydroxy-4-(methyl) butanoic acid (DL-HMBA) and a polyherbal ingredient (PHI) in relation to DL-methionine (DLM) on broilers. Nine hundred male broiler chickens of the Cobb 500 strain were fed from 22 to 42 days of age either a basal diet without industrial methionine supplementation or the basal diet supplemented with DL-HMBA at one of three levels (0.143, 0.286 and 0.429%) or DLM at one of three levels (0.093, 0.186 and 0.279%, each of which is 65% of the respective DL-HMBA level by weight) or PHI at one of the same three levels used for DLM (0.093, 0.186 and 0.279%). The weight gain, feed conversion ratio and relative weights of breast and abdominal fat were improved over that of basal diet-fed broilers by the addition of DL-HMBA and DLM to the diet. A simultaneous exponential regression analysis revealed that the relative bioavailability values for DL-HMBA and PHI were 52% and 5% of that of DLM, respectively, for weight gain, and 57% and 4%, respectively, for feed conversion ratio. Concerning breast meat yield, a simultaneous linear regression analysis (slope ratio) showed that the relative bioavailability for DL-HMBA was 65% of that of DLM. Considering all studied parameters together, the relative bioavailability values for DL-HMBA and PHI are 58% and 4.5% of that of DLM on a product basis.

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of supplementation of probiotics (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Enterococcus faecium and Bifidubacterium bifidum) and antibiotics (flavomicina and staquinol) on diets for broilers from 1 to 42 days of age, reared in clean (new litter) and challenged (reused litter) environments. A total of 768 one-day-old male broilers of the Cobb 500 strain were distributed in a completely randomized design in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement (2 litter types × 4 diets), totaling eight treatments with eight replications and 16 poultry per experimental unit. The results of performance and carcass characteristics were submitted to analysis of variance using the Studen Newman Keuls test at 0.05 probability. In the period of 1-21 days of age, the supplementation with probiotics for poultry raised in the new litter reduced feed intake, whereas in those raised in reused litter, the diet free of growth promoter showed a lower consumption. Poultry from 1 to 42 days raised in new litter had lower feed intake when supplemented with probiotics. Other results of performance and carcass yield were not affected. For the poultry raised in reused litter, the use of probiotics resulted in lower thigh yield and higher liver yield. The use of different growth promoters in feed for broilers does not influence the performance of poultry raised in new or reused litter. The use of probiotic promotes lower feed intake without compromising the performance, regardless of the type of litter used, demonstrating the feasibility of using this product as substitute for antibiotics.

Objetivou-se determinar a composição energética e aminoacídica, os coeficientes de metabolizabilidade da energia e a digestibilidade de farinhas de vísceras para aves. Utilizou-se o método da alimentação forçada com galos adultos cecectomizados. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro farinhas de vísceras (três de aves e uma de suínos e um jejum), seis repetições e um galo por unidade experimental. Os valores de energia metabolizável aparente foram 2.878, 3.179, 3.005 e 2.145, os de energia metabolizável aparente corrigida para balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn), 3.017, 3.487, 3.155 e 2.414 kcal/kg de matéria natural; os de EMV, de 3.720, 4.016, 3.840 e 2.981 kcal/kg de matéria natural e os de energia metabolizáv el verdadeira corrigida para balanço de nitrogênio (EMVn ), de 3.239, 3.367, 3.350 e 2.372 kcal/kg de matéria natural. De acordo com os valores energéticos e de energia bruta (EB), os coeficientes de metabolizabilidade aparente foram 53,65; 61,96; 60,20 e 46,13; os de metabolizabilidade aparente corrigida, 56,22; 67,96; 63,22 e 51,91; os de metabolizabilidade verdadeira, 69,33; 78,28; 76,94 e 64,11; e os de metabolizabilidade verdadeira corrigida, 60,36; 65,62; 67,12 e 51,01 para as farinhas de vísceras de aves e de suínos. Os coeficientes médios de digestibilidade verdadeira dos aminoácidos essenciais e não-essenciais para as farinhas de vísceras de aves e de suínos são, respectivamente, 81,20 e 74,55; 75,73 e 67,15; 88,45 e 85,20; 89,27 e 84,35.

It was aimed to determine energetic and amino acidic composition, coefficients of metabolizity of energy and digestibility of viscera meal for poultry. The method of forced feeding with cecectomized adult cockerel was used. A completely randomized design was used, with 4 different viscera meals (3 of poultry, one from swine, and one in fast), six replications and one cecectomized cockerel per experimental unit. The apparent metabolizable energy values were the following: 2,878; 3,179; 3,005 and 2,145; the values of aparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance were the following: 3,017; 3,487; 3,155; and 2,414 kcal/kg of natural matter, the values of aparent metabolizable energy corrected were: 3,720, 4,016, 3,840 and 2,981kcal/kg of natural matter and the values of aparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance were 3,239, 3,367, 3,350 and 2,372 kcal/kg of natural matter. According to energetic values and gross energy, the apparent metabolizable coefficients were 53.65; 61.96; 60.20 and 46.13; for the correct apparent metabolizability they were 56.22; 67.96; 63.22 and 51.91; for the real metabolizity they were 69.33; 78.28; 76.94 and 64.1; and the values for corrected real metabolizability were 60.36; 65.62; 67.12 and 51.01, for poultry and swine viscera meal. The real digestibility average coefficients of essential and non essential amino acids for poultry and swine viscera meal are 81.20 and 74.55; 75.73 and 67.15; 88.45 and 85.20; 89.27 and 84.35, respectively.

Objetivou-se avaliar os níveis de lisina para frangos de corte na fase de crescimento (22 a 40 dias de idade) utilizando-se dois balanços eletrolíticos. Foram utilizados 640 frangos de corte machos de 21 dias de idade, linhagem Cobb, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 5 × 2, composto de cinco níveis de lisina (1,062, 20, 40 e 60% acima e 20% abaixo do recomendado) e dois balanços eletrolíticos (190 e 255 mEq/kg), com quatro repetições e 16 aves por unidade experimental. Não foi observada interação das variáveis estudadas, porém, os níveis de lisina influenciaram o peso final, o ganho de peso e a conversão alimentar e afetaram de forma linear o consumo de ração. Os melhores ajustes foram observados quando se utilizou o modelo descontinuo LRP, no qual valores acima de 1,089 e 1,14% de lisina não melhoraram o ganho de peso e tampouco a conversão alimentar. Entre os parâmetros sangüíneos avaliados, apenas o ácido úrico foi influenciado pelos níveis de lisina. Os rendimentos de carcaça e de cortes nobres não diferiram significativamente entre os níveis de lisina e os balanços eletrolíticos, contudo, a gordura abdominal foi influenciada pelo balanço eletrolítico da dieta. Níveis acima de 1,089 e 1,14% de lisina, respectivamente, não melhoram o desempenho das aves. Os níveis de lisina testados não influenciaram o rendimento de carcaça nem de cortes nobres.

The lysine levels for chickens in the growing phase (22 to 40 days of age) by using two different electrolytes balance were evaluated. Sixty-four hundred Cobb broiler male of 21 days old were allotted to a completely randomized design as a factorial arrangement of treatments, five lysine levels (1.062, 20, 40, and 60% above and 20% below of recommended levels) and two electrolytes balance (190 and 255 mEq/kg), with four replicates and 16 broilers for experimental unit. There was no interaction among the variables studied, however the lysine levels affected final weight, weight gain and the feed:gain ratio and feed intake, however, the best adjustments were observed when the discontinue LRP model was used, where values above 1.089 and 1.14% of lysine did not increase weight gain and feed:gain ratio. Concerning the blood parameters, only uric acid was affected by lysine levels, but no difference was observed for carcass and prime cuts yield, the abdominal fat was influenced by the dietary electrolyte balance. Lysine levels above 1.089 and 1.14 for weight gain and feed:gain ratio, respectively, did not impair broiler performance. The lysine levels affected neither carcass yield and nor prime cuts yield.

Um ensaio de digestibilidade foi conduzido com o objetivo de determinar o valor energético da aveia, da cevada, do resíduo do processamento de mandioca e da semente de linhaça (inteira e moída) para codornas japonesas (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Foram utilizadas 360 codornas machos, com 40 dias de idade, distribuídas em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos (ração-referência + cinco alimentos), seis repetições e dez aves por unidade experimental. Foi utilizado o método tradicional de coleta total de excretas, em que os alimentos avaliados substituíram em 20% a ração-referência (RR), à base de milho e farelo de soja. Os coeficientes de metabolização da energia bruta (CMEB) da aveia, da cevada e da semente de linhaça (inteira e moída) foram superiores ao do resíduo de mandioca. Os CMEB (%) e os valores de energia metabolizável aparente (kcal/kg) e aparente corrigida para balanço de nitrogênio (kcal/kg) foram, respectivamente, de 75,37; 3.425 e 3.395 para aveia moída; 75,73; 3.253 e 3.198 para cevada moída; 70,76; 2.312 e 2.316 para resíduo de mandioca; 76,53; 3.774 e 3.704 para linhaça inteira; 76,75; 3.955 e 3.929 linhaça moída.

The objective of this trial was to determine the energy value of oat, barley, cassava residue and linseed grain (whole and milled) for Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Three hundred and sixty 40-d male quails were assigned to a completely randomized design with six treatments (reference diet + five feedstuffs), six replications and ten birds per pen. The total feces collection was the used methodology. The feedstuffs evaluated were used at a level of 20% replacing the energy source of the reference diet (RD) that was based on corn and soybean meal. The gross energy metabolization coefficient (GEMC) of oat, barley and linseed were higher than the cassava residue. The GEMC (%), apparent metabolizable energy (kcal/kg) and apparent correct metabolizable energy values for nitrogen (kcal/kg) were, respectively: 75.37; 3,425 and 3,395 for oat milled; 75.73; 3,253 and 3,198 for barley milled; 70.76; 2,312 and 2,316 for cassava residue; 76.53; 3,774 and 3,704 for linseed whole; 76.75; 3,955 and 3,929 for linseed milled.

O experimento foi realizado para avaliar o efeito da adição de gesso agrícola à cama aviária sobre o desempenho de frangos de corte. Quatro níveis de gesso: G1, G2, G3 e G4 (10, 20, 30 e 40%, respectivamente, em relação a um grupo controle que usou 50 kg de maravalha de madeira como cama ) foram testados. O gesso foi adicionado em diferentes períodos: T1 (quando as aves apresentaram nove dias de idade das aves) e T2 (quantidade total de gesso foi dividida ao meio e aplicada, respectivamente, aos 9 e 23 dias de idade das aves). O delineamento estatístico adotado foi o inteiramente ao acaso, com nove tratamentos, compondo um esquema fatorial 4 x 2 (nível de gesso x idade das aves) + grupo testemunha. Consumo de ração, ganho de peso, conversão alimentar e mortalidade foram avaliados em três períodos: 9 a 21 dias, 21 a 49 dias e 9 a 49 dias de idade das aves. O gesso não influiu no desempenho das aves, exceto no consumo de ração, no primeiro período avaliado (9 a 21 dias).

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of agricultural gypsum addition to broiler litter on broiler performance. Four levels of gypsum: G1, G2, G3 and G4 (respectively, 10, 20, 30 and 40% in relation to a control group that used 50 kg of wood scraps) were tested. The gypsum was added at different periods: T1 (when the broiler presented nine days of age) and T2 (the total amount of gypsum was divided in half and applied, respectively, at the 9 and 23 days of the broiler ages). A completely randomized design was used, with nine treatments, in a 4 x 2 factorial arrangement (level of gypsum x broiler ages) + control group. Feed intake, weight gain, feed:gain ratio and mortality were evaluated in three periods: from 9 to 21, from 21 to 49, and from 9 to 49 days of the broiler ages. The agricultural gypsum did not affect the broilers performance, except in the feed intake, in the first evaluated period (from 9 to 21 days).